Postoperative Complications and Curative Effect of Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment through Radial Artery and Femoral Artery

*Corresponding Author:

J. Y. Chen
Department of Vascular Cardiology
Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital
Guangdong 510080, China
E-mail: chen-jiyan@163.com

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Abstract

To investigate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with coronary heart disease via radial and femoral artery pathways. Total 122 patients with coronary heart disease who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention in our hospital were selected and divided into observation group (n=61, percutaneous coronary intervention via radial artery) and control group (n=61, percutaneous coronary intervention via femoral artery). The perioperative conditions (operation time, puncture time, postoperative bed rest time and hospital stay) of the two groups were compared. Before and 3 mo after the operation, the heart function indexes [left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular end systolic diameter] operation success rate and related complications. There was no significant difference in the stenosis degree of left anterior descending, left circumflex artery, right coronary artery, calcification, angulation and target vessel between the two groups (p>0.05). The puncture time, operation time, postoperative bed time and hospitalization time of the observation group were lower than those of the control group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the success rate of percutaneous coronary intervention between the observation group and the control group (p>0.05). In addition, 3 mo after operation, left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular end systolic diameter in both groups were lower than those before operation (all p<0.05). Finally, the incidence of puncture site complications in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (p<0.05). The effect of transradial and femoral percutaneous coronary intervention in the treatment of coronary heart disease is similar, but the recovery is faster, the incidence of postoperative complications and serious cardiovascular adverse events is lower, and the safety is higher.

Keywords

Coronary heart disease, percutaneous coronary intervention, radial artery pathway, femoral artery pathway

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is a common cardiovascular disease[1,2], mainly due to coronary atherosclerosis caused by cardiovascular obstruction, leading to myocardial ischemia and onset, more common in the elderly patients[3,4]. The common symptoms are paroxysmal angina pectoris or tenderness in the precordial area, which seriously affect physical and mental health and quality of life of patients[4]. At present, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) is the main method for the treatment of CHD[5-7], which uses catheter technology to relieve coronary artery stenosis and occlusion, promote the recovery of myocardial blood supply and has good therapeutic effect[8]. There are two approaches to PCI, namely transradial or femoral approaches. Relevant studies have shown that different approaches to PCI have different therapeutic effects[9]. In this study, 122 patients with CHD in our hospital were selected and divided into two groups to study the efficacy and safety of PCI via radial artery and femoral artery.

A total of 122 patients with CHD diagnosed by PCI in our hospital from January 2019 to January 2021 were selected and divided into two groups according to different operation paths. The control group (n=61) and the observation group (n=61). There were 20 females and 41 males in the control group; age ranged from 49 to 78 y old, with an average age of (64.29±7.64) y old, the course of disease was 3-9 y, the average course of disease was (5.87±1.64) y. Complications with 35 cases of hypertension, 19 cases of hyperglycemia and 20 cases of hyperlipidemia. The observation group included 61 cases, 18 females and 43 males; age ranged from 50 to 80 y old, with an average of (65.37±7.81) y old. The course of disease was 2-9 y. The average course of disease was (5.59±1.48) y. Complications with 37 cases of hypertension, 20 cases of hyperglycemia and 18 cases of hyperlipidemia. There was no significant difference in baseline data between the two groups (p>0.05). Inclusion criteria includes the diagnostic criteria of coronary heart disease refer to the criteria in coronary angiography and clinical[7]; the diagnosis was confirmed by electrocardiography or coronary angiography; PCI was performed; informed of the study and signed the consent. Exclusion criteria includes patients with congenital heart disease; Coagulation dysfunction; patients with rheumatic heart disease; severe hepatic and renal insufficiency; patients with malignant tumor; patients with severe immune deficiency; those who are not willing to cooperate with the completion of the study. For patients scheduled for elective surgery, aspirin 100 mg/d and clopidogrel 75 mg/d were taken orally 3 d before operation. For patients undergoing emergency operation, aspirin 300 mg and clopidogrel 300-500 mg were taken orally within 24 h before operation. PCI was performed via femoral artery. The patient was supine and the puncture point was selected at 2 cm below the femoral transverse striae. Lidocaine (2 %) was used for local anesthesia. 20 G puncture needles were used for puncture and the angle of puncture was 40° degrees to the skin. During the puncture process, the action should be slow. When the blood vessel is punctured, the pulsatile blood flow can be seen gushing out through the hollow probe. Then, the guide wire is inserted and the 7 F artery sheath is put into the puncture. According to the results of arteriography, appropriate stents and balloons were selected. 3000-4000 μ heparin was given regularly during the operation. The arterial sheath was removed 4 h after the operation, and the tourniquet was used to stop bleeding. After complete hemostasis, pressure bandage was applied. Allen test was positive before PCI, which indicated that the pulsation of radial artery was good. The patient was lying on his back, holding up his left upper limb and abducting for 25 min. The puncture point was selected at 1 cm near the styloid process of radius. The anesthesia method and follow-up operation were the same as those in the control group. After operation, both groups were given a 24 h rest, aspirin 100 mg/d and clopidogrel 75 mg/d. The target lesion vessels were completely covered by stents without sufficient dilatation, residual stenosis <20 %, Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) blood flow grade ≥3. In addition, no death, acute myocardial infarction, acute vascular occlusion and other serious complications occurred within 30 d after operation. The success rate of PCI in two groups; perioperative conditions (operation time, puncture time, hospital stay, X-ray exposure time, postoperative bed rest time); Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) and Left Ventricular End Systolic Diameter (LVESD) were measured before and 3 mo after operation; postoperative complications of the two groups, including urinary retention, subcutaneous congestion, vagal reflex, puncture site hematoma and pseudoaneurysm. Statistical software Statistical Package For The Social Sciences (SPSS) 22.0 was used to analyze the data of this study. Using (x±s) T test was used for inter group analysis; the counting data were analyzed by X-test. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. The success rate of PCI was 95.08 % (58/61) in the observation group and 98.36 % (60/61) in the control group. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the success rate of PCI between the two groups (p>0.05), as shown in Table 1. There was no significant difference in the stenosis degree of Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD), Left Circumflex Artery (LCX), Right Coronary Artery (RCA), calcification lesion, angulation lesion and target vessel lesion between the observation group and the control group (p>0.05), as shown in Table 2. There was no significant difference in operation time between the two groups (p>0.05); the puncture time and hospital stay of the observation group were shorter than those of the control group (all p<0.001), as shown in Table 3.

Table 1: Comparison of PCL Success Rate between the Two Groups

Table 2: Comparison of Coronary Artery Lesions between the Two Groups

Table 3: Comparison of Puncture Operation between the Two Groups

In the observation group, 1 case was with hematoma at the puncture site, 1 case with arterial spasm, 1 case with vasovagal reflex and 1 case with urinary retention. In the control group, 5 cases with hematoma at the puncture site, 2 cases with pseudoaneurysm, 2 cases with arteriovenous fistula, 4 cases with vasovagal reflex, 2 cases with urinary retention. The related complication rate of the observation group was 4.92 % (3/61), which was lower than 18.03 % (11/61) of the control group (p<0.05), as shown in Table 4. Before operation, there was no significant difference in LVEF and LVESD between the two groups (all p>0.05). 3 mo after operation, LVEF and LVESD of the two groups were lower than those before operation (all p<0.05), as shown in Table 5. The classic method of PCI for CHD is via femoral artery. The puncture operation is simple and the success rate of PCI is high. However, the incidence of local complications such as subcutaneous hematoma, congestion, vagus reflex and pseudoaneurysm after femoral artery approach is high, which is not conducive to the postoperative rehabilitation of patients[10,11]. At present, the majority of CHD patients are the elderly. The immune function of the elderly patients is reduced, the blood circulation is poor, and the postoperative recovery is slower[12-14]. In recent years, PCI has been gradually applied via radial artery pathway. It is relatively easy to stop bleeding after PCI, which is conducive to reducing the incidence of postoperative complications. However, the radial artery lumen is small, the puncture difficulty is high, and improper operation can cause radial artery spasm, leading to PCI failure. Therefore, this approach requires clinicians to have rich experience in operation[15,16].

Table 4: Comparison of Surgical Complications Between Two Groups of PCI Patients

Table 5: Comparison of Cardiac Function Indexes between the Two Groups

Femoral artery approach is a common approach for PCI, because the femoral artery is thicker and less deformity, it is conducive to intraoperative operation. However, the femoral artery is adjacent to important nerves and blood vessels and improper treatment or puncture with conventional heparin can cause hematoma, pseudoaneurysm and other complications at the puncture site[17,18]. In addition, the need for bed rest after surgery increases the risk of complications, which affects the process of postoperative rehabilitation. The results showed that the puncture time and hospital stay of the observation group were shorter than those of the control group, and the incidence of complications at the puncture site was lower than that of the control group, suggesting that radial artery approach can reduce the incidence of complications and is conducive to the prognosis. Compared with the femoral artery approach, the radial artery approach has a shallower anatomic position and thinner blood vessels. There are no important nerves and blood vessels around the radial artery, which can avoid the injury of nerves and arteriovenous sinuses. Besides, there is a radial styloid process on the lateral side, which is easy to compress and stop bleeding after operation, reducing the amount of bleeding, and contributing to postoperative rehabilitation[19-21]. In addition, compared with femoral artery approach, radial artery approach can get out of bed early without strict braking, which is helpful to reduce complications and accelerate the rehabilitation process of patients. From the results of this study, 3 mo after operation, LVEF and LVESD of the two groups were lower than those before operation, but there was no significant difference between the two groups, indicating that the two PCI approaches can improve cardiac function in elderly patients with coronary heart disease.

In conclusion, transradial and femoral PCI have the same effect in the treatment of CHD. However, transradial PCI has faster recovery, lower incidence of postoperative complications and serious cardiovascular adverse events, and higher safety, which can be used as the preferred treatment for CHD patients.

Acknowledgements:

This work was supported by Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Li-Le Shi and Wei-Xiang Peng are contributed equally to this work.

Conflict of interest:

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

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