H. F. Zhang, G. Li1, Yong Xia Liu2, Ya Jie Wang3*

Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing xicheng District Ping’an Hospital, No. 169 Zhaodengyu Road, Beijing 100035, China

1Department of Pathology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No 119 South 4 Round West Road, Beijing 100070, China

2Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing xicheng Zhanlan Road Hospital, No. 16, Taoliuyuan West Alley, Beijing 100044, China

3Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Jingshun East Street, Beijing 100015, China

*Corresponding Author:
Ya Jie Wang
Department of Laboratory Medicine
Beijing xicheng District Ping’an Hospital
No. 169 Zhaodengyu Road, Beijing 100035
China
E-mail: wyj879629@163.com
This article was originally published in Special issue, “Trends in Therapeutic Management of Various Clinical Conditions-II”
Indian J Pharm Sci 2021:83(2)Spl issue;110-113

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms

DOI: 10.36468/pharmaceutical-sciences.spl.221

Abstract

To explore the application value of tumor markers carcinoembryonic antigen and cytokeratin 19 fragment in the progression and prognosis of middle-advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Clinical data of 97 patients initially diagnosed with lung lesions in our hospital from January 2018 to December 2019 were collected and divided into the lung cancer group and benign lesion group. There were 52 patients diagnosed with stage I or II lung cancer by computed tomography and clinical diagnosis in the lung cancer group and 45 patients with benign lesions in the benign lesion group. The levels of serum tumor markers were detected by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The results showed that the levels of carcinoembryonic antigen and cytokeratin 19 were significantly higher in the lung cancer group compared with the benign lesion group and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). Both carcinoembryonic antigen and cytokeratin 19 can be used in the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. The sensitivity of the combined detection was significantly higher than that of the single detection, while the specificity of the combined detection was significantly lower than that of carcinoembryonic antigen alone (p<0.05). In lung cancer with positive combined detection, the proportion of adenocarcinoma was significantly higher than that of squamous cell carcinoma. When cytokeratin 19 was positive and carcinoembryonic antigen was negative, the proportion of squamous cell carcinoma was significantly higher than that of adenocarcinoma. Serum carcinoembryonic antigen and cytokeratin 19 were abnormally highly expressed in non-Small cell lung cancer patients, which are useful for clinical diagnosing, treatment planning, efficacy monitoring, and prognosis evaluation.

Keywords

Non-small cell lung cancer, serum carcinoembryonic antigen, cytokeratin 19 fragment, clinical significance

Materials and Methods

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) was one of the most common malignant tumors in the clinic, with high morbidity and mortality, accounting for about 80 % of the total number of lung cancer in China. Because of its high malignant degree and poor prognosis, NSCLC was a difficult problem for scientists[1-3]. The incidence of NSCLC was relatively hidden, the early symptoms were not obvious, the diagnosis of patients was often in the middle-advanced stage. Clinically, the comprehensive treatment regimen based on chemotherapy was mainly adopted. Whether in the early diagnosis of tumor, in the monitoring of metastasis and recurrence or in the evaluation of efficacy and prognosis, tumor markers were very important clinical reference indicators[4,5]. Compared with the clinical monitoring techniques of Computed tomography (CT), Positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET-CT), and specific biomarkers, the detection of serum tumor markers was more simple, rapid and less invasive and has important clinical application value[6-9]. Many studies showed that the carcinoem-bryonic antigen (CEA) and human cytokeratin fragment antigen 21-1 (CYFRA21-1) has a high value in predicting tumor recurrence and judging the prognosis of patients[2,3]. It was reported that different tumor markers have different specificity and sensitivity in different pathological types of tumors. This study retrospectively analyzed the changes of serum CEA and CYFRA21-1 levels in patients with middle-advanced stage NSCLC, to provide a reference for the disease progression and prognosis of NSCLC. The clinical data of 97 patients with lung lesions diagnosed in our hospital from January 2018 to December 2019 were collected. Inclusion criteria includes Age≤70 years old; the patients were tested for serum CEA, CA125, and CYFRA21-1 voluntarily and regularly; Karnofsky performance status score (KPS score)≥70; normal function of heart, liver, kidney, and other important organs and normal hematopoietic function. Exclusion criteria includes patients with other malignant tumors; patients with severe heart, liver, kidney, and other organ dysfunction; patients with a history of anti-tumor therapy; patients who received radiotherapy at the same time during treatment; patients with hematological and immune system diseases; patients with brain metastasis; patients with poor treatment compliance and could not meet the standard treatment for 2 weeks. Finally, 52 patients with stage I or II lung cancer diagnosed by CT and clinical diagnosis were included in the lung cancer group (LC group), while 45 patients with benign lesions diagnosed by CT and clinical diagnosis were included in the benign disease group (BLD group). In the LC group, the age of the patients ranged from 26-68 y old, with an average age of 63.20±6.40 y old, including 34 males and 18 females. According to the pathological types, they were divided into squamous cell carcinoma (n=22), adenocarcinoma (n=26) and large cell lung cancer (n=4). The age of BLD group was 22-67 y old, and the average age was 62.80±5.70 y old. There were 31 males and 14 females. According to the pathological types, they were divided into pure lung infection (n=26), benign lung nodules (n=6), tuberculosis (n=9) and grinders’ disease (n=4). Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the age and sex ratio between the two groups (p>0.05). The serum of all patients before treatment was collected. Five ml of fasting blood was collected in the morning, and the serum was separated after centrifugation for detection. The fully automatic electrochemiluminescence immunoanalyzer E602 and its original matching reagents (Roche) were used for detection. The positive results of serum tumor markers were CEA≥3.4 ng/ml, CYFRA21-1≥3.3 ng/ml. SPSS 20.0 was used for statistical analysis. The measurement data belonged to skewed distribution by normal distribution test, and Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze. The counting data were expressed as percentage, and χ2 test was used to analyze. p<0.05 indicates that the difference is statistically significant. The results showed that compared with BLD group, the serum levels of two tumor markers in LC group were significantly higher than those in LC group (p<0.05, fig. 1). There was no significant difference in the expression of CEA and CYFRA21-1 between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in LC group (p>0.05, fig. 2). The results showed that the positive rates of two tumor markers in the serum of LC patients were significantly higher than those of BLD group. At the same time, in the sensitivity test, the result of the combined detection was significantly higher than that of the single index detection, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). In the specificity test, the result of the combined detection was significantly higher than that of CEA alone and there was no significant difference between the combined detection and CYFRA21-1 alone (p>0.05, fig. 3 and 4). There was no significant difference in the positive rate of CEA and CYFRA21-1 between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in the LC group (p>0.05, fig. 5). When the serum markers CEA and CYFRA21-1 were both positive in patients with lung cancer, the proportion of adenocarcinoma was 100 %, which was significantly higher than that in other tissue types of cancer (p<0.05). When CYFRA21-1 was positive and CEA was negative, the proportion of squamous cell carcinoma was significantly higher than that of adenocarcinoma (p<0.05), as shown in Table 1. NSCLC was a solid tumor based on neovascularization, accounting for about 79 % of the primary tumors[2]. Compared with the traditional invasive and imaging detection, the detection of serum tumor markers has been widely concerned in the clinic because of its advantages such as lower cost, less trauma, and simple operation, which was helpful to the diagnosis and evaluation of tumor disease. CEA was highly expressed in the lung cancer[4-5], It was often used in the early diagnosis, prognosis, and curative effect evaluation of lung cancer. CYFRA21-1 was a tumor marker of NSCLC, especially for squamous cell carcinoma[6]. The expression of CEA and CYFRA21-1 was positively correlated with the clinical stage of lung cancer. If we take all stages of lung cancer as the object of study to explore the diagnostic value of CEA and CYFRA21-1, the false positive rate of sensitivity and specificity may be increase[10,11]. For the diagnostic methods of early lung cancer, such as imaging, pathology, tumor markers, the information obtained by an isolated diagnostic method was limited[12]. From the point of view of the combined application of various methods in clinical practice and solving the difficulties in diagnosis, the diagnostic value of tumor markers in early lung cancer can be evaluated more objectively and practically. We detected the expression of CEA and CYFRA21-1 in the serum of 52 patients with early lung cancer and 45 patients with benign pulmonary lesions. The results showed that the expression level of CEA and CYFRA21-1 in the lung cancer patients was significantly higher than that of patients with benign pulmonary lesions. The positive rate of the combined detection of CEA and CYFRA21-1 was higher than that of single detection, indicating that the combined detection can improve the sensitivity of early lung cancer detection significantly, and has high clinical value for the detection and diagnosis of early lung cancer. However, because the specificity of the combined test was lower than that of the single detection, a comprehensive analysis of two indexes was still needed in the definite diagnosis, and the diagnosis should be combined imaging and pathological examination. This study found that there was no significant difference in the expression of serum CEA and CYFRA21-1 between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Tumor markers have more reference value in the early lung cancer where imaging and pathology were not yet clear, which was in line with the urgent need for early diagnosis of lung cancer and clinical application of tumor markers. If more patients with advanced lung cancer and patients after treatment were included in the experiment, there may be significant differences in the expression levels of CYFRA21-1 and CEA between patients with adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Similarly, this experiment shows that the serum levels of the three markers have a skewed distribution in the early stage of lung cancer, but it does not rule out the possibility that the above three markers have a normal distribution in the development of advanced lung cancer or in the whole process of lung cancer. In this study, it was not found that CYFRA21-1 was highly sensitive to squamous cell carcinoma. In the early and advanced stages of lung cancer, the sensitivity of CYFRA21-1 to the squamous cell carcinoma may be significantly different. And the sensitivity in the early stage was poor, it does not rule out the high sensitivity in the late stage of lung cancer.

Combined detection CEA(+), CYFRA21-1(+) (%) CEA(-), CYFRA21-1(+) (%)
Squamous cell carcinoma (n=22) 0 (0.00) 10 (45.45)
Adenocarcinoma (n=26) 26 (100.0) 4 (15.38)
Large cell lung cancer (n=4) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)
χ2 12.55 5.81
p 0.017 0.000

TABLE 1: Detection of Different Pathological Types of Cancer by the Combination of Markers

Comparison

Figure 1: Comparison of tumor markers between the two groups : BLD,: LC

adenocarcinoma

Figure 2: The expression of CEA and CYFRA21-1 between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma : Adenocarcinoma, : Squamous cell carcinoma

Sensitivity

Figure 3: Sensitivity of two tumor markers : BLD, : LC

tumor

Figure 4: Specificity of two tumor markers : BLD, : LC

squamous

Figure 5: Positive rate of CEA and CYFRA21-1 in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma : Adenocarcinoma, : Squamous cell carcinoma

In this study, it was found that the specificity of the combined detection of CEA and CYFRA21-1 was lower than that of single detection, but not that there was no significant difference reported in most literatures[13-15]. We chose the patients who were clinically diagnosed as benign lesions included in the BLD group, which was consistent with the clinical application requirements of using tumor markers to determine the diagnosis of lung cancer. When we study the value of tumor markers in the diagnosis of lung cancer, we take the benign lesions which were easy to be confused with lung cancer as a reference. In the clinical work, we also found that the tumor markers of benign lung lesions which were easy to be diagnosed often do not exceed the reference range. To sum up, serum CEA and CYFRA21-1 were abnormally high expressed in patients with NSCLC, which is useful for clinical diagnosing, treatment planning, efficacy monitoring, and prognosis evaluation.

Acknowledgements:

This work was supported Beijing xicheng District Ping’an Hospital, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing xicheng Zhanlan Road Hospital and Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University.

Declaration of interest:

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

References