V. Shivakumar, A. D. Kandhare, A. R. Rajmane, M. Adil, P. Ghosh, L. B. Badgujar1, M. N. Saraf1 and S. L. Bodhankar*

Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune-411 029, 1Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai-400 098, India

*Corresponding Author:
S. L. Bodhankar
Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune-411 029
E-mail: sbodh@yahoo.com
Date of Submission 02 July 2013
Date of Revision 22 February 2014
Date of Acceptance 27 February 2014
Indian J Pharm Sci 2014;76(2):174-178  

DOI: 10.4103/0250-474X.131541

Abstract

Long-term cardiovascular complications in metabolic syndrome are a major cause of mortality and morbidity in India and forecasted estimates in this domain of research are scarcely reported in the literature. The aim of present investigation is to estimate the cardiovascular events associated with a representative Indian population of patients suffering from metabolic syndrome using United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study risk engine. Patient level data was collated from 567 patients suffering from metabolic syndrome through structured interviews and physician records regarding the input variables, which were entered into the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study risk engine. The patients of metabolic syndrome were selected according to guidelines of National Cholesterol Education Program - Adult Treatment Panel III, modified National Cholesterol Education Program - Adult Treatment Panel III and International Diabetes Federation criteria. A projection for 10 simulated years was run on the engine and output was determined. The data for each patient was processed using the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study risk engine to calculate an estimate of the forecasted value for the cardiovascular complications after a period of 10 years. The absolute risk (95% confidence interval) for coronary heart disease, fatal coronary heart disease, stroke and fatal stroke for 10 years was 3.79 (1.5-3.2), 9.6 (6.8-10.7), 7.91 (6.5-9.9) and 3.57 (2.3-4.5), respectively. The relative risk (95% confidence interval) for coronary heart disease , fatal coronary heart disease , stroke and fatal stroke was 17.8 (12.98-19.99), 7 (6.7-7.2), 5.9 (4.0-6.6) and 4.7 (3.2-5.7), respectively. Simulated projections of metabolic syndrome patients predict serious life-threatening cardiovascular consequences in the representative cohort of patients in western India.

Keywords

UKPDS risk engine, cardiovascular complications, metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome is an array of lipid and nonlipid factors of metabolic origin related to defects in insulin sensitivity that lead to a high risk for the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) [1-7]. Various prospective analyses have reported that the metabolic syndrome is associated with an approximate twofold increase in CVD [8-15]. In addition, people with metabolic syndrome have a fivefold greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes [7,14,16]. In a community study, middle-aged people of either sex with metabolic syndrome were 1.5-2 times more vulnerable to get coronary heart disease (CHD) [17]. Moreover, metabolic syndrome is more prevalent in aged individuals, affecting half of adults aged 60 years and over [9].

The National Cholesterol Education Program – Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) has laid down guidelines for defining a typical patient of metabolic syndrome. As per NCEP ATP III definition, metabolic syndrome is identified when three or more of the following five components are present: (1) elevated waist circumference (WC), (2) elevated triglyceride (TG), (3) reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, (4) elevated blood pressure (BP) and (5) elevated fasting plasma glucose (FPG) or already diagnosed to have diabetes mellitus (DM). Long-term cardiovascular complications in metabolic syndrome are a major cause of mortality and morbidity in India and forecasted estimates in this domain of research are scarcely reported in literature. Metabolic syndrome, first defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in 1998 [18], has been christened into a new definition by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) in 2005 [19]. This gives an important aspect of the NCEP-ATPIII definition (NCEP 2001) and updated in 2005 [20]. The major variables in the current definitions include abdominal obesity, BP elevation, dyslipidaemia and hyperglycaemia with varying cut-off levels.

The UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) risk engine is most widely known and used for determination of long-term cardiovascular events. Various investigators have predicted the risk score specifically for diabetic patients, either newly diagnosed patients or those already receiving treatment [21-25] across the globe. However, a couple of studies from India have employed UKPDS risk engine [1]. It forecasts the risk of vascular diseases for 10 years. It predicts the absolute CHD risk using traditional risk factors such as body mass index (BMI), age, sex, smoking, systolic BP, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, atrial fibrillation, ethnicity, duration of diabetes and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) [26]. Hence, in the present investigation, we estimated the long-term cardiovascular events associated with a representative Indian population of patients suffering from metabolic syndrome.

The study protocol was approved by the scientific committee of Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Pune, India, Institutional human ethics committee and permission was granted by the governing authorities of Agarwal hospital, Khenat hospital and Dhekane clinic, Pune to interact and inquire information regarding BMI, age, sex, smoking, systolic BP, total cholesterol HDL-cholesterol, atrial fibrillation, ethnicity, duration of diabetes and HbA1c from the patients attending the outpatient departments of these hospitals. If the patients were unable to provide the required information, the concerned physician was consulted or the patient records were used as the source of the data. The patients agreed to participate in the study after filling a well-defined informed consent form in local language (Marathi). A written permission was granted by UKPDS, UK authorities to carry out this academic noncommercial research using UKPDS risk engine within the aegis of the university.

Patient level data was collated from 567 diabetic patients suffering from metabolic syndrome through structured interviews and physician records regarding the input variables, which were entered into the UKPDS risk engine. The patients of metabolic syndrome were selected according to guidelines of NCEP ATP III, modified NCEP ATP III and IDF criteria. Projections for 10 simulated years were run on the engine and the output determined. The data for each patient was processed using the UKPDS risk engine to calculate an estimate of the forecasted value for the cardiovascular complications after a period of 10 years.

The UKPDS defines diabetes as follows: clinician diagnosed diabetes, subsequently confirmed by two FPG greater than 6 mmol/l on two occasions.

The UKPDS defines myocardial infarction by the WHO clinical criteria (either total cholesterol and HDL enzyme rise or pathological Q-wave in ECG). The risk engine cardiac endpoint is CHD, defined by either myocardial infarction (fatal or nonfatal) or sudden death. The risk engine stroke endpoint is stroke as defined by the UKPDS: either death attributed to stroke, or stroke with symptoms or signs persisting for more than 1 month. The risk engine version 2 calculates the risk that first CHD is fatal within 6 months. This will slightly underestimate the total rate of fatal CHD. Later versions of the risk engine will calculate total risk of fatal CHD. The same remarks apply to fatal stroke.

As per NCEP ATP III definition, metabolic syndrome was identified when three or more of the following five components were present: (1) elevated WC (WC ≥102 cm in men, ≥88 cm in women), (2) elevated TG (TG ≥150 mg/dl, ≥1.7 mmol/l), (3) reduced HDL-cholesterol (HDL ≤40 mg/dl or ≤1.03 mmol/l in men, ≤50 mg/dl or ≤1.29 mmol/l in women), (4) elevated BP (BP ≥130/85 mmHg) and (5) elevated FPG (FPG ≥100 mg/dl or ≥5.6 mmol/l) or already diagnosed to have DM.

Baseline characteristics are presented as means, median (interquartile range). The estimated 10-year first CHD risk was calculated for each participant using the UKPDS algorithms. Calibration of the model was visually checked by plotting the predicted probabilities estimated by the prediction models against the observed proportion of first CHD events UKPDS and fatal CHD events score. Participants were grouped into CHD and fatal CHD depends on quintiles of predicted CHD risk within 10 years of follow-up.

In the present investigation, figs. 1 and 2 depicted that various vascular parameters such as systolic BP, total cholesterol and HDL cause significant progression of disease and finally lead to morbidity and mortality. A 10-year forecasted estimate of the cardiovascular events governs higher risk of disease in patients with metabolic syndrome than normal people. The UKPDS risk engine output consisted of estimates of absolute and relative risk of CHD (congestive heart disease), fatal CHD, stroke and fatal stroke after a period of 10 years. The baselines characteristics are represented in Table 1. The baseline characteristics correlate with the symptoms of metabolic syndrome patients.

Figure

Fig. 1: Predicted absolute risk of cardiovascular disease over 10 years. Predicted absolute risk over period of 10 year with 95% confidence intervals of cardiovascular disease including CHD, Fatal CHD, stroke and fatal stroke using UKPDS risk engine.

Figure

Fig. 2: Predicted relative risk of cardiovascular disease over 10 years. Predicted relative risk over period of 10 year with 95% confidence intervals of cardiovascular disease including CHD, fatal CHD, stroke and fatal stroke using UKPDS risk engine.

Baseline characters Mean Median (interquartile range)
Age (years) 63.3±10.3 21‑80
HbA1c level 7.1±1.5% 6.5–9.9%
Systolic BP (mmHg) 150±13.2 120–177
Total Cholesterol (mmol/l) 200±39 160–231
HDL (mmol/l) 45.9±12.1 32–55

Table 1: Baseline demographiccharacteristics of 567 patients

The input variables for the risk engine are present age, sex, presence of atrial fibrillation, ethnicity, smoking status, HbA1c, systolic BP, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol. The data for each individual patient was processed using the UKPDS risk engine to calculate an estimated numerical value of the forecasted value of long-term cardiovascular complications after a period of 10 years in the metabolic syndrome patients. The absolute risk (fig. 1, 95% confidence interval, CI) for CHD, fatal CHD, stroke and fatal stroke for 10 years was 3.79 (1.5–3.2), 9.6 (6.8–10.7), 7.91 (6.5–9.9) and 3.57 (2.3–4.5), respectively. The relative risk (fig. 2, 95% CI) for CHD, fatal CHD, stroke and fatal stroke was 17.8 (12.98–19.99), 7 (6.7–7.2), 5.9 (4.0–6.6) and 4.7 (3.2–5.7), respectively.

Metabolic syndrome is a disorder of energy utilisation and storage reflected by elevated levels of BP, plasma glucose, serum TGs with decreased low HDL cholesterol that increases risk of CVDs; it also increases the risk of diabetes in patients [4,7,14,27,28]. At present, 25% of the world population is suffering from metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of disease varies across the globe. In India, prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome during 2010 were 35.8% (NCEP ATP III), 45.3% (modified NCEP ATP III) and 39.5% (IDF criteria) [29]. In the US, metabolic syndrome is more common in males than in females. In India, females are more prone to metabolic syndrome when compared with men [30,31]. The risk factors for metabolic syndrome are increasing age, gender, race, ethnicity and sedentary lifestyle and diabetes in parents. Indians have a higher tendency to develop cardiovascular abnormalities as compared with other Asian ethnic groups. Using modified NCEP ATP III criteria, a study had reported that age adjusted prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in Indians among different Asian ethnic groups [32].

To our knowledge, this is a pioneer study in India that uses UKPDS risk engine to predict long-term cardiovascular risk factors in patients with metabolic syndrome. The inputs required by the engine are all readily measured in clinical practice, and routinely reported in research for maximum applicability. UKPDS outcomes model has been incorporated in the UKPDS Risk Engine software, which is available to noncommercial users without charge from UKPDS website (http://www.dtu.ox.ac.uk/riskengine/download. php) [19].

UKPDS was generally conducted in the White, Afro- Caribbean or Asian-Indian ethnic group patients [23]. The western Indian population of metabolic syndrome patients from Pune, who have been included in the study, may be considered to be a representative of the general Asian-Indian population. The present investigation gives a clear picture of long-term cardiovascular events in metabolic syndrome patients, that is the absolute risk for CHD, fatal CHD, stroke and fatal stroke for 10 years was 3.79, 9.6, 7.91 and 3.57 years, respectively. Whereas the relative risk for CHD, fatal CHD, stroke and fatal stroke was 17.8, 7, 5.9 and 4.7 years, respectively. UKPDS risk engine simulates risk of cardiovascular events in patients for 10 years.

Sedentary lifestyle has a greater impact in the development of metabolic syndrome. The findings of the present investigation are in accordance with the findings of Kothari et al. who used a similar risk engine to evaluate the risk of stroke in 4549 type II diabetes patients in the UKPDS [23]. Moreover, a similar study has been published by Simmons et al. who examined the performance of the UKPDS Risk Engine (version 3) and the Framingham risk equations in estimating CVD incidence in various populations [32]. The forecasted risk of long-term cardiovascular events will contribute to a better control of the metabolic disorders. Measures need to be taken to alleviate the long-term CVDs and to halt the progression of cardiovascular complications and mortality [33].

The present study provides credence to the previous studies carried out by Ghosh et al. and Ravikiran et al. who demonstrated that metabolic syndrome poses serious threat to patients [1,29]. Moreover, findings of Ghosh et al. in type 2 DM patients accord the findings of the present investigation as UKPDS risk engine successfully predicted the CVDs in type 2 diabetes in our previous investigation [1]. The present study on metabolic syndrome patients reiterates a similar trend for predicting the risk of CVDs in type 2 diabetes and warrants urgent measures to halt the progression of metabolic syndrome among all age groups to alleviate long-term cardiovascular perturbations. Simulated projections of metabolic syndrome patients predict serious life-threatening cardiovascular consequences in the representative cohort of metabolic syndrome patients in western India.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. S. S. Kadam, Vice-Chancellor and Dr. K. R. Mahadik, Principal, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, India, for providing necessary facilities to carry out the study. The authors are also thankful to the UKPDS risk engine development team and the UKPDS outcomes model development team to grant the permission to use these engines for noncommercial academic research purpose.

References