S. Chandel, C. R. Barhate1, A. R. Srivastava, S. R. Kulkarni2 and C. J. Kapadia*
Departments of Pharmaceutics
1Pharmaceutical Chemistry
2Pharmacognosy, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai–400 098, India

*Corresponding Author:
C. J. Kapadia
Departments of Pharmaceutics,Mumbai–400 098, India
E-mail: drcjkapadia@gmail.com
Date of Submission 15 November 2010
Date of Revision 10 January 2012
Date of Acceptance 27 January 2012
Indian J Pharm Sci, 2012, 74 (1): 36-40  

DOI: 10.4103/0250-474X.102541

Abstract

A simple, precise, accurate and rapid high performance thin layer chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the estimation of tenoxicam in the microemulsion gels. Tenoxicam was chromatographed on silica gel 60 F254 TLC plate, as a stationary phase. The mobile phase was toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (6:4:0.3 v/v/v), which gave a dense and compact spot of tenoxicam with a Rf value of 0.38±0.03. The quantification was carried out at 379 nm. The method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision and specificity. To justify the suitability, accuracy and precision of the proposed method, recovery studies were performed at three concentration levels. Statistical analysis proved that the proposed method is accurate and reproducible with linearity in the range of 100 to 400 ng. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for tenoxicam were 25 and 50 μg/spot, respectively. The proposed method can be employed for the routine analysis of tenoxicam as well as in pharmaceutical formulations.

Keywords

Gel, HPTLC-desitometry, microemulsion, tenoxicam, validationResearch

Introduction

Tenoxicam, 4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-pyridinyl-2H-thienol [2,3e]-1,2-thiazine-3- carboxamide-1,1-dioxide (fig. 1), is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) of oxicam group, used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and gout [1]. Its primary mode of action is the inhibition of cyclooxygenase and subsequent prostaglandin formation [2]. Tenoxicam inhibits number of leucocyte functions, including phagocytosis and histamine release, which may contribute to its antiinflammatory activity.

Figure

Fig. 1: Chemical structure of tenoxicam

Tenoxicam has been determined by a variety of methods and liquid chromatography is the most commonly used method of analysis for determination of tenoxicam [3-5]. Spectrophotometric [6-9], coulometric [10], potentiometric [11], polarographic [12] and spectroflurimetric [13,14] methods are also available. However; they are highly sophisticated, costly and time consuming.

Nowadays, high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) has become a routine analytical technique due to its advantages of reliability in quantitation, analysis at microgram and even in nanogram levels and cost effectiveness. This method is advantageous since large number of samples can be simultaneously subjected to analysis. The amount of solvent required in comparison to HPLC is very less. This reduces the time and cost of analysis and possibilities of pollution of the environment. HPTLC also facilitates repeated detection (scanning) of the chromatogram with same or different parameters. Simultaneous assay of several components in a multicomponent formulation is also possible [15,16]. Hence, the present investigation was undertaken to develop and validate a simple, rapid,accurate, precise and specific HPTLC method for determination of tenoxicam.

Materials and Methods

Tenoxicam was procured as a gift sample from Ranbaxy Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Devas (M.P.), India. Silica gel 60F254 TLC plates (20×20 cm, layer thickness 0.2 mm, E. Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) were purchased from Merck Ltd India, Mumbai and used as stationary phase. Analytical grade acetonitrile, methanol, chloroform, toluene, formic acid, ethyl acetate, hexane (60-80°), acetone and glacial acetic acid were all obtained from Qualigens Fine Chemicals, Mumbai, India.

HPTLC Instrumentation

Thin layer chromatography was performed on 10×10 cm aluminium backed TLC plates coated with 250 mm layer of silica gel 60F254 (E. Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). The plates were prewashed by methanol and activated at 105-110° for 15 min prior to use for chromatography. The samples in methanol were spotted as 6 mm wide bands at a distance of 10 mm from the bottom and 20 mm from the sides of the plate, under continuous flow of nitrogen by means of a Camag Linomat 5 sample applicator (Camag, Muttenz, Switzerland) fitted with a 100 μl syringe. A constant application rate of 150 nl/s was employed and the distance between adjacent bands was 9 mm. The plates were then conditioned for 20 min in a pre-saturated twin-trough chamber (Camag, Muttenz, Switzerland, 10×10 cm2) with the mobile phase, toluene:ethyl acetate:formic acid (6:4:0.3 v/v/v), in one trough and the plate in the other trough. The plate was then placed in the mobile phase and ascending development was performed upto a distance of 80 mm from application position at ambient temperature. After development, plates were air dried and densitometric scanning was performed at a wavelength of 379 nm with Camag TLC scanner III operated in the reflectance-absorbance mode and controlled by WinCATS software (V1.2.1). The slit dimension was kept at 5×0.45 mm and scanning speed employed was 20 mm s-1. Evaluation was done using linear regression versus peak areas.

Preparation of standard tenoxicam solution and samples

A fresh stock solution of tenoxicam was prepared in acetonitrile (1000 mg/ml). Standard solutions were prepared by dilution of the stock solution with acetonitrile to give solutions containing of 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 mg/ml. One microlitre from each standard solution was spotted on the TLC plate to obtain a final concentration range of 100-400 ng per spot. The standard curve was replicated six times on different plates.

Sensitivity

In order to estimate the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), blank acetonitrile was spotted six times following the same method as explained above. Solutions containing 5–100 ng of tenoxicam were spotted on TLC plate. The signal to noise ratio was determined. An LOD was considered as 3:1 and LOQ as 10:1.

Selectivity

The selectivity of the assay was determined in relation to interferences from three different microemulsion gels containing isopropyl myristate, oleic acid, brij 96, transcutol, tween 80.

Recovery study

In order to determine the recovery, known quantities of a previously analysed reference standard corresponding to 50, 100 and 150 percent of the label claim were spiked during the extraction procedure, i.e. to 1 g of gel (label claim 5 mg/g of gel), 2.5, 5, 7.5 mg of tenoxicam was added. Then drug was extracted by employing acetonitrile as a solvent for extraction and analyzed as described above. The recovery was calculated by comparing the resultant peak areas with those obtained from pure standards in acetonitrile at the same concentrations

Precision

Repeatability of sample application and measurement of peak area were carried out using six replicates of the same spot (250 ng per spot of tenoxicam). The intra-day and inter-day precision for the determination of tenoxicam was carried out at three different concentration levels of 100, 250 and 400 ng per spot.

Analysis of formulation

The developed method can be applied in determination of tenoxicam in microemulsion gel formulations. The drug from the microemulsion gels was extracted with acetonitrile in a 50 ml volumetric flask. The resulting solution was suitably diluted at desired concentration (200 ng/10 μl). Ten microlitres of the solution was applied on TLC plate followed by development, and scanned as described above. The analysis was repeated in triplicate. The possibility of excipient interference in the analysis was studied.

Results and Discussion

There are several spectroscopic and chromatographic methods reported for assay of tenoxicam, but HPTLC method of analysis has not been reported so far and so the aim was to develop and validate HPTLC method of analysis for tenoxicam.

A suitable solvent system for the composition of the mobile phase for development of chromatogram was optimized by testing different solvent mixtures of varying polarity. Various mobile phases were evaluated. Use of chloroform, methanol as single component and a short saturation time of 15 min gave a necklace effect. So chloroform:methanol (95:5, v/v), hexane:ethyl acetate (6:4, 7:3 v/v), toluene: acetic acid (10:3, 9:3 v/v), toluene:acetic acid:acetonitrile (3:6:2 v/v/v), toluene:acetic acid:methanol (9:3:1 v/v/v) were tried. The best results were obtained using toluene:ethyl acetate:formic acid (6:4:0.3, v/v/v). This mobile phase showed a good resolution and a compact spot of tenoxicam. Densitometric scanning of all the tracks at λmax 379 nm showed compound with Rf value 0.38±0.03 (single spot), identified as tenoxicam. The method was successfully used in the analysis of tenoxicam from the microemulsion gels without interference of the formulation excipients.

Under the experimental conditions employed, the lowest amount of drug which could be detected was found to be 25 ng/spot and the lowest amount of drug which could be quantified was found to be 50 ng/spot, with a relative standard deviation <5%. The calibration curve was found to be linear in the concentration range of 100–400 ng/spot (n=3). Fig. 2 shows 3D overlay of HPTLC densitograms of standard plot of tenoxicam, using 60F254 TLC plates and toluene:ethyl acetate:formic acid (6:4:0.3, v/v/v). Peak area and concentration was subjected to least square linear regression analysis to calculate the calibration equation and correlation coefficients. The one way ANOVA (p>0.05) shows no significant difference in the values of each calibration curve. The regression data as shown in Table 1 and fig. 3 showed a good linear relationship over the concentration range studied.

Figure

Fig. 2: Three dimentional overlay of HPTLC densitograms of standard plot of tenoxicam.

Linearity range(ng/spot) r2±SD Slope±SD Intercept±SD
100-400 ng 0.9977±0.0006 18.4812±0.2898 -1471.22±22.4011

Table 1: Linear Regression Data For The Calibration Curves

Figure

Fig. 3: Linear regression curve of the tenoxicam standard plot The regression coefficient was found to be r2= 0.9978 for the equation y=18.481x-14.712

Fig. 4 shows overlay of HPTLC densitograms of tenoxicam standardand three inhouse microelumsion formulations obtianed using the developed method. There was no interference from the formulation component and Rf values of tenoxicam standard and tenoxicam in the microemulsion gels was found to be same thereby confirming the selectivity of the method.

Figure

Fig. 4: Overlay of HPTLC densitograms of (a) Tenoxicam standard, (b) Formulation I, (c) Formulation II, (d) Formulation III. Analysis was done using 60F-254 TLC plates as stationery phase and toluene-ethyl acetate-formic acid (6:4:0.3, v/v/v) as mobile phase

The recovery of tenoxicam ranged from 98.90% to 101.99%, average of 100.45%, as shown in Table 2. These results showed high extraction efficiency of tenoxicam from formulation components and confirms that the proposed method can be used for determination of tenoxicam in microemulsion gel formulations.

Amount of drug analysed (mg) Amount of drugadded (mg) Theoretical concentration (mg) Total Amountdrug analysed % recovery±S.D.
5 2.5 7.5 7.65±0.20 101.99±2.71
5 5 10 9.89±0.09 98.90±0.91
5 7.5 12.5 12.58±0.10 100.64±0.81
Average of three determinations        

Table 2: Recovery Studies Of Tenoxicam From Microemulsion Gels

For precision determination, two five and eight microliter aliquots of sample containing 100, 250 and 400 ng tenoxicam were analyzed according to the proposed method. In order to control the scanner parameters, one spot was analyzed several times. By spotting and analyzing the same amount (250 ng) several times (n=5) the precision of the automatic spotting device was evaluated. The relative standard deviation (% RSD) for the analysis of 5 replicate applications indicated good precision for the proposed TLC method (% RSD consistently less than 2) as shown in Table 3.

Parameter   Values  
Actual amount of tenoxicam spotted (ng) 100 250 400
Amount detecteda (ng±SD) 95.05±1.40 245.17±3.69 407.82±3.90
% RSD 1.64 1.50 0.96
Amount detectedb (ng±SD) 94.39±0.90 244.48±4.04 409.63±1.94
% RSD 0.96 1.65 0.47

Table 3: Instrumental Precision And Accuracy Data

The result shown in Table 4 depicts good accuracy and high precision also for recovery studies. The accuracy was found to be in the range of 94.57? 100.38% and % RSD in range of 0.65?1.46.

Amount of tenoxicam spotted (ng) Amount detected (ng) (mean±SD, n= 3) RSD (%) Accuracy(%)
100 94.57±1.38 1.46 94.57
250 250.94±3.21 1.28 100.38
400 398.92±2.61 0.65 99.73

Table 4: Accuracy Results Of The Assay

TThe repeatability and intermediate precision studies of tenoxicam at different levels was given in Table 5. The percentage RSD was found to range from 1.55 to 0.39%, averaging to 0.97%. Which confirms the good precision on the developed assay method.

Amount of tenoxicamspotted (ng) Amount detected (ng)(mean±SD) RSD (%)
Inter-day (n= 3)    
100 95.29±0.75 0.79
250 249.92±1.59 0.63
400 400.97±1.55 0.39
Intra-day (n=3)    
100 95.37±0.84 0.88
250 251.23±2.23 1.16
400 403.58±6.27 1.55

Table 5: Precision Data Of Hptlc Assay For Tenoxicam

The developed assay method was applied for the estimation of tenoxicam from three different gel formulations. The drug content of the formulations was found to be 4.96±0.04 mg, 4.97±0.01 mg and 4.93±0.03 mg, which corresponds to 99.16, 99.42 and 98.62%, respectively. This confirms that the method was successfully applied to the formulation analysis.

The proposed HPTLC method combined with densitometric analysis was found suitable for determination of tenoxicam. Statistical data analysis proves that the method is precise and reproducible for the analysis of tenoxicam. The system being economical can be employed for the routine estimation of the drug in pharmaceutical formulations as well as in bulk drug analysis.

References