- Corresponding Author:
- K. Morteza-semnani
Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, POBox 48175-861, Sari. E-mail: ksemnani@yahoo.com
| Date of Submission | 11 June 2007 |
| Date of Revision | 26 December 2007 |
| Date of Acceptance | 25 June 2008 |
| Indian J Pharm Sci, 2008, 70 (3): 403-406 |
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of the methanol extracts of the dried flowering aerial parts of Stachys byzantina , S. inflata , S. lavandulifolia and S. laxa (Labiatae) were studied using the disc diffusion method and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococcus sanguis , Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeroginosa , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Aspergilus niger and Candida albicans . The extracts of plants exhibited concentration-dependent antibacterial activity against the bacteria tested. The extracts were more active against Gram-positive microorganisms. The extracts, however, did not show any antifungal activity.
Keywords
Antimicrobial, extract, stachys, MIC
The sub cosmopolitan genus stachys compromises more than 270 species and is justifiably considered as one of the largest genera of the Labiatae [1]. The genus stachys includes 34 species in Iran [2]. Phytochemical investigations of stachys species have shown the occurrence of flavonoids, diterpenes, phenyl ethanoid glycosides and saponins [3]. Plants of this genus have long been applied to treat genital tumors, sclerosis of the spleen, inflammatory tumors and cancerous ulcers [4]. S. byzantina C. Koch. (syn. S. lanata Jacq.), S. inflata Benth., S. lavandulifolia Vahl and S. laxa Boiss. and Buhse are aromatic plants, which grow in Azerbaijan, Golestan, Khorasan, Mazandaran and Tehran provinces of Iran [5]. A bibliographical survey showed that there were no reports on the antimicrobial activity of these species. In continuation of studies of Iranian species of the Labiatae family, we have had occasion to investigate the antimicrobial activity of S. byzantina, S. inflata, S. lavandulifolia and S. laxa.
The flowering aerial parts of S. byzantina, S. inflata, S. lavandulifolia and S. laxa were collected in May 2004 from the suburb of Behshahr, Mazandaran province, North of Iran and identified at the Department of Botany, Research Center of Natural Resources of Mazandaran). Voucher specimens (herbarium No. 151, 152, 154 and 155) were deposited in the Herbarium of the Department of Botany, Research Center of Natural Resources of Mazandaran. Dried plant materials were ground to fine powder. One hundred grams of the each powders were extracted twice with methanol. The extacts were evaporated to dryness at 40º, and stored in 4º.
Staphylococcus aureus PTCC 1112, Streptococcus sanguis PTCC 1449, Escherichia coli PTCC 1330, Pseudomonas aeroginosa PTCC 1074, Klebsiella pneumoniae PTCC 1053, Aspergilus niger PTCC 5011 and Candida albicans PTCC 5027 were used for testing the antimicrobial activity. In vitro antimicrobial studies were carried out by the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined against test microorganisms6. In the disc diffusion method, extracts were dissolved in methanol and applied to a 6 mm diameter paper disc. The extracts were tested at 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 μg/disc. Inhibition zone diameters were measured after 24 h. Gentamicin (50 μg/disc), amikacin (3 μg/disc) and amphotericin B (100 μg/disc, Sigma) were used as positive controls. MICs were determined by the dilution method at concentrations of 10 μg/ml to 25 mg/ml of culture medium [6]. Gentamicin (2 mg/ml) and amphotericin B (100 μg/ml) were used as positive controls.
The yield of methanol extracts of stachys byzantina, S. inflata, S. lavandulifolia and S. laxa was 14.1%, 14.3%, 10.1% and 10.6% w/w, respectively. Tables 1 and 2 gives a summary of the results of the antimicrobial effects and MICs of stachys species investigated. The methanol extracts of the dried flowering aerial parts of S. byzantina, S. inflata, S. lavandulifolia and S. laxa exhibited concentrationdependent antibacterial activity against bacteria tested. The methanol extracts were more active against Gram-positive microorganisms (Streptococcus sanguis and Staphylococcus aureus). The extracts, however, did not show antifungal activity.
| Sample | Con. | Diameter of zone of inhibition (mm) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (µg/disc) | Bacteria | ||||||
| S. aureus | S. sanguis | E. coli | P. aeroginosa | K. pneumoniae | |||
| (G +) | (G +) | (G -) | (G -) | (G -) | |||
| S. byzantina | 10 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 50 | - | 8.7 | - | - | - | ||
| 100 | 8.6 | 10.1 | 8.5 | - | - | ||
| 250 | 9.6 | 11.7 | 9.5 | - | 8.8 | ||
| 500 | 10.9 | 12.7 | 11.1 | - | 10.1 | ||
| 750 | 12.2 | 13.8 | 13.3 | 8.8 | 11.3 | ||
| 1000 | 13.4 | 15.0 | 14.5 | 10.2 | 13.4 | ||
| S. inflata | 10 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 50 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| 100 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| 250 | 8.3 | 8.6 | - | 9.0 | 8.7 | ||
| 500 | 9.4 | 9.8 | 8.8 | 10.2 | 9.5 | ||
| 750 | 10.8 | 11.2 | 9.6 | 11.3 | 10.7 | ||
| 1000 | 11.9 | 12.4 | 10.7 | 12.7 | 11.7 | ||
| S. lavandulifolia | 10 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 50 | - | 8.6 | - | - | - | ||
| 100 | - | 9.5 | - | - | 8.5 | ||
| 250 | - | 10.9 | 8.5 | 8.6 | 9.3 | ||
| 500 | 8.6 | 11.7 | 9.5 | 9.7 | 10.9 | ||
| 750 | 9.5 | 13.5 | 10.6 | 10.9 | 11.8 | ||
| 1000 | 11.6 | 15.3 | 12.1 | 12.4 | 12.9 | ||
| S. laxa | 10 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 50 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| 100 | 8.6 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 250 | 10.0 | 8.6 | - | 8.5 | - | ||
| 500 | 11.5 | 10.0 | - | 9.8 | 8.5 | ||
| 750 | 13.2 | 11.3 | - | 11.6 | 10.1 | ||
| 1000 | 14.2 | 13.4 | - | 12.6 | 12.2 | ||
| Gentamicin | 50 | 37.3 | 24.0 | 31.6 | 31.0 | 28.0 | |
| Amikacin | 3 | 24.9 | 19.9 | 23.8 | 15.8 | 18.0 | |
| Amphotericin B | 100 | - | - | - | - | - | |
*Zone of inhibition, including the diameter of the filter paper disc (6 mm); mean value of eight independent experiments; gentamicin, amikacin and amphotericin B were used as positive controls; - no inhibition.
Table 1: Antimicrobial activity of the methanol extracts of stachys byzantina, S. inflata, S. lavandulifolia and S. laxa*
| Sample | MIC (mg/ml) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | |||||
| S. aureus(G +) | S. sanguis(G +) | E. coli (G -) | P. aeroginosa(G -) | K. pneumoniae(G -) | |
| S. byzantina | 10 | 10 | 25 | 40 | 40 |
| S. inflata | 10 | 10 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| S. lavandulifolia | 40 | 10 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| S. laxa | 10 | 25 | - | 40 | 40 |
*All determinations were done in triplicate; gentamicin (2 mg/ml) and amphotericin B (100 μg/ml) were used as positive controls
Table 2: Minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of stachys byzantina, S. inflata, S. lavandulifolia and S. laxa*
In 2004 and 2005, the antimicrobial activity of some endemic stachys species including S. sivasica, S. anamurensis, S. cydnia, S. aleurites and S. pinardii was reported; the methanol extracts of stachys L. were effective only against bacteria tested [7,8]. In 2005, essential oils and ethanol extracts from the leaves and/or roots of 35 medicinal plants commonly used in Brazil were screened for antiCandida albicans activity; essential oils from 13 plants including S. byzantina showed anti-Candida activity; the ethanol extract was not effective at any of the concentrations tested [9].
In the present study, the results concluded that the methanol extracts of these plants have a potential as source of antibacterial agent of natural origin. Preliminary phytochemical studies showed that the aerial parts of the genus stachys contain flavonoids. Flavonoids may be responsible for their antibacterial activity.
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